Glossary of Prostate Cancer Terms
GLOSSARY OF PROSTATE CANCER TERMS
*Extracted from ‘Prostate Cancer – An ESMO Guide for Patients’, pp. 53-58. © Copyright 2022 European Society for Medical Oncology. All rights reserved worldwide.
A
ABIRATERONE
A hormone therapy that inhibits testosterone synthesis by blocking an enzyme called cytochrome p17
ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE
A treatment plan that involves closely watching a patient’s condition but not giving any treatment unless there are changes in test results that show the condition is getting worse
ADENOCARCINOMA
Cancer that begins in glandular (secretory) cells
ADJUVANT (TREATMENT)
Additional treatment given after the primary treatment to reduce the chance of the cancer coming back
ALOPECIA
Hair loss
ANAEMIA
A condition in which there is a shortage of haemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body)
ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY
Treatment to suppress or block the production or action of male hormones
ANOREXIA
A lack or loss of appetite
ANTI-ANDROGEN (THERAPY)
Treatment with drugs that block the action of male hormones in the body
APALUTAMIDE
An anti-androgen drug that prevents testosterone from reaching cancer cells
ARTHRALGIA
Joint pain
ASTHENIA
Abnormal feeling of weakness or lack of energy
theters, that are placed into or near the tumour and then removed again (high dose rate brachytherapy)
B
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
A benign (not cancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine
BICALUTAMIDE
An anti-androgen drug that prevents testosterone from reaching cancer cells
BIOPSY
A medical procedure in which a small sample of cells or tissue is taken for examination under a microscope
BISPHOSPHONATES
Drugs that help prevent, or slow down, osteoporosis, and prevent broken bones and other bone problems caused by bone metastases; also used in adjuvant treatment
BONE MARROW
A spongy tissue found inside some bones (e.g. hip and thigh bones). It contains stem cells, which are cells that can develop into red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets
BRACHYTHERAPY
A type of internal radiotherapy in which the radioactive source is either placed permanently directly into the tumour (low dose rate brachytherapy) or inserted temporary through catheters, that are placed into or near the tumour and then removed again (high dose rate brachytherapy)
BRCA1
A gene that normally controls tumour growth but when mutated has the opposite effect
BRCA2
A gene that normally controls tumour growth but when mutated has the opposite effect
BUSERELIN
A luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist that blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles
C
CABAZITAXEL
A type of chemotherapy that is administered through a drip into a vein in your arm or chest
CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER (CRPC) Prostate cancer that is no longer responsive to castration treatments (i.e. reduction of androgen/ testosterone by surgical or medical treatment)
CHEMOTHERAPY
A type of cancer treatment using medicine that kills the cancer cells by damaging them, so that they cannot reproduce and spread
CLINICAL TRIAL
A study that compares the effects of one treatment with another
COLD CAP
A cap that cools the scalp before, during and after treatment to reduce the effects of the treatment on hair follicles
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN
A scan using X-rays and a computer to create detailed images of the inside of your body
CONCURRENT
At the same time
CRYOABLATION
A procedure in which an extremely cold liquid is used to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue
CURATIVE (TREATMENT)
A treatment that is intended to cure the cancer
CYSTITIS
Inflammation of the lining of the bladder
CYTOCHROME P17
An enzyme that the testicles need to produce testosterone
D
DAROLUTAMIDE
An anti-androgen drug that prevents testosterone from reaching cancer cells
DEGARELIX
A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist that blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles
DENOSUMAB
A drug used to treat osteoporosis and prevent broken bones and other bone problems caused by bone metastases
DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION
An examination in which a doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities
DNA
Deoxyribose nucleic acid, the chemical that carries genetic information in the cells of your body
DOCETAXEL
A type of chemotherapy that is administered through a drip into a vein in your arm or chest
DYSGEUSIA
A change in the sense of taste
DYSPEPSIA
The medical term for indigestion
E
ENZALUTAMIDE
An anti-androgen drug that prevents testosterone from reaching cancer cells
ENZYME
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body
EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY
A type of radiotherapy that uses a machine to aim high energy rays at the cancer from outside of the body
EXTERNAL SPHINCTER
A muscle encircling the outside wall of the anal opening
EXTRAVASATION
Leakage of fluid, such as an anti-cancer drug, from a blood vessel or tube into the tissue around it
F
FATIGUE
Overwhelming tiredness
FLUTAMIDE
An anti-androgen drug that prevents testosterone from reaching cancer cells
G
GASTROINTESTINAL (SYSTEM)
The system of organs responsible for getting food into and out of the body and for making use of food to keep the body healthy – includes the oesophagus, stomach and intestines
GENERAL ANAESTHETIC
A medication that causes a reversible loss of consciousness
GENES
Pieces of DNA responsible for making substances that the body needs to function
GLAND
An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva or milk
GLEASON SCORE
A system of grading prostate cancer tissue based on how it looks under a microscope. A low Gleason score means the cancer tissue is similar to normal prostate tissue and the tumour is less likely to spread; a high Gleason score means the cancer tissue is very different from normal and the tumour is more likely to spread
GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANTAGONIST
A drug that blocks the pituitary gland from making hormones called follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone. In men, this causes the testicles to stop making testosterone
GOSERELIN
A luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist that blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles
H
HAEMATURIA
Blood in the urine
HAIR FOLLICLE
A small sac in the skin from which hair grows
HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND
A procedure in which ultrasound is aimed directly at an area of abnormal cells or tissue in the body. The ultrasound creates heat, which kills the cells
HORMONE
A substance made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs
HORMONE THERAPY
Treatments that block the actions of testosterone
HYPERTENSION
Abnormally high blood pressure
HYPOKALAEMIA
An abnormally low level of potassium in the blood
I-K
IONISING RADIATION
Any type of particle or electromagnetic wave that carries enough energy to ionise or remove electrons from an atom (e.g. X-rays)
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1 (IGF-1)
A protein that stimulates the growth of many types of cells
KEYHOLE SURGERY
Minimally invasive surgery carried out through a very small incision, with special instruments
L
LEUKOPENIA
A decrease in the number of leukocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood, which places individuals at increased risk of infection
LEUPRORELIN
A luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist that blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles
LUTEINISING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE AGONIST A drug that keeps the testicles from making testosterone by blocking other hormones that are needed to make it
LEVATOR MUSCLES
Muscles on either side of the pelvis
LOCAL ANAESTHETIC
A medication that causes reversible absence of pain sensation around the site of administration
LOCALISED (PROSTATE CANCER)
Cancer that is completely contained within the prostate gland and has not spread anywhere else in the body
LOCALLY ADVANCED (PROSTATE CANCER)
Cancer that has spread from where it started to nearby tissue or lymph nodes
LUTETIUM-177
A radioisotope used as a part of lutetium-177-PSMA radionuclide therapy
LUTETIUM-177-PSMA
A type of radionuclide therapy used to deliver radiation to PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
A network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body
LYMPH NODES
Small structures throughout the lymphatic system that work as filters for harmful substances, such as cancer cells or bacteria
LYMPHOEDEMA
Swelling caused by a build-up of lymph fluid in the tissues of the body. This may result from damage to the lymphatic system because of surgery or radiotherapy to the lymph nodes in the pelvis
M
MARGIN
The edge or border of the tissue removed in cancer surgery. The margin is described as negative or clean when no cancer cells are found at the edge of the tissue, suggesting that all of the cancer has been removed. The margin is described as positive or involved when cancer cells are found at the edge of the tissue, suggesting that all of the cancer has not been removed
METASTASES
Cancerous tumours that have originated from a primary tumour/growth in another part of the body
METASTATIC (PROSTATE CANCER)
A cancer that has spread from its (primary) site of origin to different parts of the body
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) SCAN
A type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body
MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM
A group of healthcare workers who are members of different disciplines (e.g. oncologist, nurse specialist, physiotherapist, radiologist) and provide specific services to the patient. The activities of the team are brought together using a care plan
MUTATION
A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people
MYALGIA
Muscular pain
N
NEOADJUVANT (TREATMENT)
Treatment given as a first step to shrink a tumour before the main treatment is given
NERVE-SPARING PROSTATECTOMY
Removal of prostate tissue without removing the nerves that control erections
NEUROENDOCRINE CANCER
Cancer that forms from cells that release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system
NEUTROPENIA
An abnormally low level of neutrophils in the blood, which increases risk of infection
NEUTROPHILS
A type of white blood cell that play an important role in fighting off infection
O
OEDEMA
A build-up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissues to become swollen
OLAPARIB
A drug used to treat some types of cancer caused by mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
OSTEONECROSIS
Loss of blood flow to bone tissue, causing the bone to die
OSTEOPOROSIS
A decrease in the amount and thickness of bone tissue, which causes the bones to become weak and break more easily
P-Q
PALLIATIVE (CARE)
The care of patients with advanced, progressive illness. It focuses on providing relief from pain, symptoms and physical and emotional stress, without dealing with the cause of the condition
PALPABLE
Can be felt by touch
PALPITATIONS
A rapid or irregular heartbeat
PARAESTHESIA
An abnormal sensation, such as burning or prickling
PELVIC LYMPHADENECTOMY
Surgery to remove lymph nodes in the pelvis
PELVIC NODE DISSECTION
A procedure to remove pelvic lymph nodes to see if they contain cancerous cells
PENILE REHABILITATION PROGRAMME
A programme of treatment for sexual problems following prostate cancer treatment, including counselling and sex therapy, medication and lifestyle advice
PERINEUM
The area of skin between the anus and scrotum in males
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
Damage to the nerves in the extremities of the body. Symptoms may include pain, sensitivity, numbness or weakness in the hands, feet or lower legs
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
An imaging test that uses a dye with radioactive tracers, which is injected into a vein in your arm
PROCTITIS
Inflammation of the lining of the rectum
PROGNOSIS
The likely outcome of a medical condition
PROSTATE
A gland in the male reproductive system. The prostate surrounds the part of the urethra just below the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of the semen
PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)
A protein made by the prostate gland and found in the blood
PROSTATE-SPECIFIC MEMBRANE ANTIGEN (PSMA)
A protein that is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells. PSMA positive cells are detected by PSMA PET scan
R
RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY
Surgery to remove the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it
RADIOACTIVE/RADIOACTIVITY
A material that is unstable and spontaneously emits energy (radiation)
RADIOISOTOPE
An unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable
RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY
A treatment in which a small amount of a radioactive chemical (radionuclide) is injected into a vein and travels through the blood and accumulate in targeted organs in which radiation is then given off by the radionuclide
RADIOTHERAPY
Treatment involving the use of high-energy radiation, which is commonly used to treat cancer
RADIUM-223
A radioisotope liquid used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to the bone
RECURRENCE
Return of a cancer
RECTUM
Back passage
RENAL
Relating to the kidneys
RISK FACTOR
Something that increases the chance of developing a disease
S
SCROTUM
The external sac that contains the testicles
SEMEN
The fluid that is released through the penis during ejaculation. Semen is made up of sperm from the testicles and fluid from the prostate and other sex glands
SEMINAL VESICLES Glands that help produce semen
SILDENAFIL
A drug used to treat erection problems
STEROID
A type of drug used to relieve swelling and inflammation. Some steroid drugs also have anti-tumour effects
STOMATITIS
Inflammation of the inside of the mouth
T
TARGETED THERAPY
A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs or other substances to precisely identify and attack cancer cells, usually while doing little damage to normal cells
TESTICULAR ATROPHY
A condition in which the testicles become smaller
TESTOSTERONE
A hormone made mainly in the male reproductive system that is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
A decrease in platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury
TRANSPERINEAL BIOPSY
A procedure used to diagnose prostate cancer. A sample of tissue from the prostate gland is removed with a thin needle that is inserted through the skin between the scrotum and rectum and into the prostate
TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE
Removal of the inner part of the prostate gland
TRIPTORELIN
A luteinising hormone-releasing hormone agonist that blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles
TUMOUR
A lump or growth of abnormal cells. Tumours may be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). In this guide, the term ‘tumour’ refers to a cancerous growth, unless otherwise stated
U-Z
ULTRASOUND
A type of medical scan where sound waves are converted into images by a computer
URETHRA
The tube through which urine leaves the body
URINARY INCONTINENCE
Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder
URINARY TRACT
The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
WATCHFUL WAITING
Closely watching a patient’s condition but not giving treatment unless symptoms appear or change
X-RAY
An imaging test, using a type of radiation that can pass through the body, which allows your doctor to see images of inside your body
ZOLEDRONIC ACID
A type of bisphosphonate used to treat cancers that have spread to the bone
Prostate Cancer – An ESMO Guide for Patients© Copyright 2022 European Society for Medical Oncology